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4000 years ago, Harappa culture flourished in the current flourishing Pakistan and India northwestern regions of the Indus River valley, building a sophisticated city, inventing a sewer system that overthrew ancient Rome, and trading with settlements in Mesopotamia over long distances. However, until 1800 BC, this advanced culture moved to a small town at the foot of the Himalayas and abandoned the city. A new study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) found evidence that climate change can resettle Harappan away from the Indus Valley floodplain.
The change in temperature and weather patterns in the Indus Valley, which began around 2500 BCE, caused the summer monsoon rain to gradually diminish, making agriculture difficult or impossible near the city of Harappan, according to WHOI geologist Liviu Giosan. Posted in the journal on November 13, 2018 Past climate.
"With the volatile summer monsoon, agriculture became difficult along the Indus River, but at the foot of the mountain, moisture and rain rose more regularly." It rained in Pakistan, which hit the Himalayas in a winter storm in the Himalayas. It might have been relatively little water compared to the monsoon floods Harappans had been accustomed to seeing in Indus, but at least it is credible. "
There is evidence that this change in seasonal precipitation and the difficulty of converting Harapans to soil samples for rain harvest near the Himalayas in the Indus River basin. So Giosan and his team focused on sediments from the seabed of the Pakistani coast. After collecting key samples from several locations in the Arabian Sea, he and his team studied the foraging of the unicellular plankton called foramsifera (or "forams") found in sediments to understand what flourished in summer One winter to help.
After he and the team identified the seasons based on the fossil debris of the toms, they could focus on deeper clues about the climate of the area: paleo-DNA, a fragment of ancient genetic material preserved in sediments.
"The undersea near the mouth of the indus is very low in oxygen, so whatever it grows or dies in the water is well preserved in the sediment," Giosan says. "Basically you can get almost any piece of DNA that lives there."
During the winter monsoon season, strong winds bring nutrients from deeper waters to the surface, resulting in a surge in plant and animal life. Likewise, weak winds at different times of the year provide a small amount of nutrients, which slightly reduces the productivity of overseas waters.
"The value of this approach is to provide a picture of the past biodiversity that will be missed by relying on skeletal remains or fossil records, and because we can arrange billions of DNA molecules in parallel, "In collaboration with Giosan, William Orsi, a paleontologist and biogeographer at Munich's Ludwig Maximilian University, adds: .
Of course, according to evidence of this DNA, these two men seemed to be stronger and weaker in the summer monsoon season as the winter monsoon moved from city to town to the latter part of the Harper civilization.
"We do not know if the Harappan caravan has moved to the foothills in months, or whether this massive movement has occurred over the centuries, and what we know is that their urban lifestyle is over when they come to a conclusion," Giosan Says.
The rain at the foot of the mountain will eventually dry up and ultimately contribute to the ultimate end, even though it was enough to take over the rural Harapans for the next year and a thousand years.
"At the same time, the Indian-Arian culture has arrived in the Iron Age tools, horses and floats, but the winter monsoon is likely to play an important role," Giosan says.
Giosan was very surprised at the extent to which the roots of climate change were far apart. At that time the "New Ice Age" forced cold air from the North Pole to the North Atlantic. As a result, the storm was pushed to the Mediterranean Sea, leading to the winter monsoon rise of the Indus Valley.
"What is noteworthy is today's strong lesson." Looking to Syria and Africa, migrating from the region is rooted in climate change. This can lead to massive movements in low-lying areas such as Bangladesh or hurricane-prone areas in the southern United States, due to early sea level rise due to climate change. At that time, Thalapain was able to cope with the change due to the movement, but you will cross all kinds of borders. This can lead to political and social cramps. "
4000 years ago, Harappa culture flourished in the current flourishing Pakistan and India northwestern regions of the Indus River valley, building a sophisticated city, inventing a sewer system that overthrew ancient Rome, and trading with settlements in Mesopotamia over long distances. However, until 1800 BC, this advanced culture moved to a small town at the foot of the Himalayas and abandoned the city. A new study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) found evidence that climate change can resettle Harappan away from the Indus Valley floodplain.
The change in temperature and weather patterns in the Indus Valley, which began around 2500 BCE, caused the summer monsoon rain to gradually diminish, making agriculture difficult or impossible near the city of Harappan, according to WHOI geologist Liviu Giosan. Posted in the journal on November 13, 2018 Past climate.
"With the volatile summer monsoon, agriculture became difficult along the Indus River, but at the foot of the mountain, moisture and rain rose more regularly." It rained in Pakistan, which hit the Himalayas in a winter storm in the Himalayas. It might have been relatively little water compared to the monsoon floods Harappans had been accustomed to seeing in Indus, but at least it is credible. "
There is evidence that this change in seasonal precipitation and the difficulty of converting Harapans to soil samples for rain harvest near the Himalayas in the Indus River basin. So Giosan and his team focused on sediments from the seabed of the Pakistani coast. After collecting key samples from several locations in the Arabian Sea, he and his team studied the foraging of the unicellular plankton called foramsifera (or "forams") found in sediments to understand what flourished in summer One winter to help.
After he and the team identified the seasons based on the fossil debris of the toms, they could focus on deeper clues about the climate of the area: paleo-DNA, a fragment of ancient genetic material preserved in sediments.
"The undersea near the mouth of the indus is very low in oxygen, so whatever it grows or dies in the water is well preserved in the sediment," Giosan says. "Basically you can get almost any piece of DNA that lives there."
During the winter monsoon season, strong winds bring nutrients from deeper waters to the surface, resulting in a surge in plant and animal life. Likewise, weak winds at different times of the year provide a small amount of nutrients, which slightly reduces the productivity of overseas waters.
"The value of this approach is to provide a picture of the past biodiversity that will be missed by relying on skeletal remains or fossil records, and because we can arrange billions of DNA molecules in parallel, "In collaboration with Giosan, William Orsi, a paleontologist and biogeographer at Munich's Ludwig Maximilian University, adds: .
Of course, according to evidence of this DNA, these two men seemed to be stronger and weaker in the summer monsoon season as the winter monsoon moved from city to town to the latter part of the Harper civilization.
"We do not know if the Harappan caravan has moved to the foothills in months, or whether this massive movement has occurred over the centuries, and what we know is that their urban lifestyle is over when they come to a conclusion," Giosan Says.
The rain at the foot of the mountain will eventually dry up and ultimately contribute to the ultimate end, even though it was enough to take over the rural Harapans for the next year and a thousand years.
"At the same time, the Indian-Arian culture has arrived in the Iron Age tools, horses and floats, but the winter monsoon is likely to play an important role," Giosan says.
Giosan was very surprised at the extent to which the roots of climate change were far apart. At that time the "New Ice Age" forced cold air from the North Pole to the North Atlantic. As a result, the storm was pushed to the Mediterranean Sea, leading to the winter monsoon rise of the Indus Valley.
"What is noteworthy is today's strong lesson." Looking to Syria and Africa, migrating from the region is rooted in climate change. This can lead to massive movements in low-lying areas such as Bangladesh or hurricane-prone areas in the southern United States, due to early sea level rise due to climate change. At that time, Thalapain was able to cope with the change due to the movement, but you will cross all kinds of borders. This can lead to political and social cramps. "
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